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More powers needed to scrutinise judges, says independent judicial reviewer Moi Ali.FOLLOWING evidence heard by MSPs at the Scottish Parliament last week of multiple failures of Scottish judges to recuse themselves from cases or declare their interests, the Scottish Government has now been urged to give more powers to Moi Ali, Scotland’s independent Judicial Complaints Reviewer (JCR) in an effort to bring Scotland into line with the rest of the UK where legislation requires a much higher level of judicial scrutiny regarding complaints made against judges.
Moi Ali told MSP members of the Scottish Parliament’s Public Petitions Committee that a lack of statutory powers for the Judicial Complaints Reviewer effectively meant there was little point to the role of JCR as no enforceable action can be taken if it is found judges have failed to properly or impartially investigate their own colleagues as a result of complaints from the public.
Currently, if someone who has made a complaint about a judge is not satisfied with how the Judicial Office for Scotland handled their complaint, they can ask the independent Judicial Complaints Reviewer to review how their case was handled. However, the JCR cannot take any action if fault is found in how judges investigated their colleagues as the JCR has no powers by design of legislation.
The weakness of the JCR’s role is highlighted in Section 30, S31 and S32 of the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008 where it is clear the overbearing insistence on, and requirement of consultation with the Lord President & judiciary regarding the status of the Judicial Complaints Reviewer has played a big part to-date in denying any real form of independent scrutiny over Scotland’s judiciary.
Protests from Scotland’s judges over proposals in the 2008 legislation resulted in Justice Minister MacAskill creating the powerless Judicial Complaints Reviewer, who works for three days a month on an annual budget of £2000 and no staff.
Commenting on the lack of powers handed to the JCR, a legal insider told Diary of Injustice : “If you are consulting with judges about the extent of powers of an independent regulator who will scrutinise complaints against the judiciary, don't be too surprised to learn they will block statutory powers of oversight being handed to that independent regulator.”
He continued : ”Consulting with the same people who are being regulated does not work very well, particularly in the case of the judiciary who seem to regard the courts as their own business venue, apparently expecting everyone to bow and scrape to them while paying their salaries and international jaunts.”
Last week, MSPs on the Petitions Committee also heard evidence from the JCR regarding how complaints against the judiciary are handled in the rest of the UK.
In England and Wales, the situation is very different from that of Scotland, where the Office for Judicial Complaints has 15 staff and publishes details of upheld complaints.
If complainants remain dissatisfied with how their case was handled, they can appeal to the Judicial Appointment and Conduct Ombudsman, headed by Sir John Brigstocke, with 14 staff.
Unlike the office of Scotland’s Judicial Complaints Reviewer which currently has no powers, the Judicial Appointment and Conduct Ombudsman has statutory powers enshrined in law, and can overturn decisions, order reinvestigations and ask for victims to be compensated.
Clearly this imbalance must immediately be addressed and statutory powers must be handed to Scotland’s Judicial Complaints Reviewer in an equivalent or even stronger form than currently exist in the rest of the UK.
Previous articles on the lack of transparency within Scotland’s judiciary, investigations of the judiciary by Diary of Injustice including reports from the Sunday Mail newspaper, and video footage of debates at the Scottish Parliament’s Public Petitions Committee can be found here : A Register of Interests for Scotland's Judiciary
The Sunday Mail newspaper reports further on the call to give more powers of oversight to Scotland's Judicial Complaints Reviewer :
WHAT’S THE POINT OF A WATCHDOG WITHOUT TEETH?
REVEALED JUDGES ESCAPE SCRUTINY
By Russell Findlay Sunday Mail 22 Sept 2013
A watchdog probing complaints about judges yesterday urged Justice Secretary Kenny MacAskill to give her some real bite.
Moi Ali admits there’s “little point” to her role as Scotland’s first ever Judicial Complaints Reviewer because of its lack of teeth.
She said: “It’s fair to say because I don’t actually have any powers. There’s no real independent oversight.If you provide oversight without powers, then there’s almost little point to it.”
Judges have opposed an independent ombudsman to oversee complaints against them.
Their protests resulted in Justice Minister MacAskill creating the “powerless” JCR who works three days per month, has a £2000 annual budget and no staff.
Complaints against judges are initially handled by the Judicial Office for Scotland, which is headed by the Lord President Lord Gill.
The complainer can ask Ali to review how their case was handled - but she can take no action.
In England and Wales, the Office for Judicial Complaints has 15 staff and publishes details of upheld complaints. People can then appeal to the Judicial Appointment and Conduct Ombudsman, headed by Sir John Brigstocke, with 14 staff.
His post is the equivalent to Ali’s but he can overturn decisions, order reinvestigations and ask for victims to be compensated.
Ali said: “It’s hard to say why, if you make a complaint about a judge in England or Wales, the powers available are so much wider compared to what happens in Scotland. Their approach couldn’t be more different in terms of openness.”
Lord Gill has snubbed Holyrood’s plea to discuss legal campaigner Peter Cherbi’s petition for a judicial register of interests. He cited the Scotland Act which says judges can’t be forced to attend parliament. But critics say the Act only refers to judges’ courtroom decisions.
Ali last week told the committee: “Clearly politicians should have no part in influencing judicial decisions.
But judicial accountability is a completely separate issue.
“That’s the issue that cuts through all of this for me.”
During last week’s hearing, Scottish Tory deputy leader Jackson Carlaw launched a colourful attack on Scotland’s top judge.
Carlaw said Lord Gill had an “Edwardian establishment disdain for the hoi polloi”.
He also said there was a feeling “the swish of judicial ermine and velvet should cow into deference both public and the legislature”.
Committee chairman, Labour MSP David Stewart, and his SNP deputy Chic Brodie plan to meet Lord Gill in private and raise Ali’s lack of power with MacAskill.
The Scottish Government said: “We note the committee plans to raise these issues and will respond in due course.”
Scottish Parliament Public Petitions Committee Tuesday 17 September 2013
[The Convener opened the meeting at 09:30]
Current Petition Judiciary (Register of Interests) (PE1458)
The Convener (David Stewart): Good morning, everyone. I welcome you all to this meeting of the Public Petitions Committee. As always, I ask everyone to turn off their mobile phones and electronic devices, as they interfere with our sound systems.
Agenda item 1 is consideration of petition PE1458, by Peter Cherbi, on a register of interests for members of Scotland’s judiciary. As previously agreed, the committee will take evidence from Moi Ali, who is the Judicial Complaints Reviewer.
Members have a note by the clerk, which is paper 1, and submissions. Members should note that there is a late submission from Peter Cherbi, which was circulated on Friday. Hard copies of it have been placed on members’ desks.
I welcome Moi Ali to the meeting. Thanks very much for coming along. The committee is grateful for the opportunity to put questions and points to you. We will not ask for an opening statement; instead, I will ask you a few questions , after which my colleagues will ask you questions. We will then decide what the next steps on the petition should be.
I have a straightforward question to set the scene. What is the Judicial Complaints Reviewer’s role?
Moi Ali (Judicial Complaints Reviewer): The role is new. I am the first Judicial Complaints Reviewer, and I have just finished my second year in office. I suppose that I am a bit like an ombudsman without the teeth. I can review the Judicial Office for Scotland’s handling of complaints, but I do not have an ombudsman’s powers to make any determination other than that the complaint was or was not handled in accordance with the rules. The role is therefore limited.
The role is part time. On average, it is three days a month; in fact, it is a maximum of three days a month. I operate on a shoestring budget of £2,000 a year—members look impressed by that. I think that I am coming up to complaint number 54. The start-up was slow, but things have built up during the second year.
The Convener: The explanation of your role is useful.
There has been coverage of the issue that the petition raises. One of the judiciary’s arguments is that a register is not needed because there are already strong constraints in the system, such as the judicial oath. How strong is that argument? Is the judicial oath, among the other devices that exist to protect the public, strong enough?
Moi Ali: From what the people who have written to me have said, it is clear that it is not. I have not received a large number of complaints, so I stress that we are not talking about large numbers of people, but issues have been raised with me to do with undeclared family relationships, for example, and concerns have been raised with me about membership of a variety of organisations.
It is important to separate judicial independence, which we all treasure—it is a cornerstone of democracy—and accountability. However, the two go hand in hand, and having a clear, published register of interests sits above that. The more open we can be, the better. A register is another strand that would sit above the judicial oath and which would list things that it might not cover, such as family relationships, membership of
organisations that might be seen as incompatible, and friendships.
There is a wide range of issues and it is difficult to itemise them all. Issues have been raised with me through complaints. Members of the public have felt that a host of things are undeclared, that unless we go out and look for them, we will not necessarily know about them, and that, if a register of interests was published, people could simply refer to one point and assure themselves that, if a recusal was necessary, they would have the information to ask for that if it did not happen automatically.
Members of the judiciary do recuse themselves as appropriate. The issue is that sometimes members of the public perceive there to be a conflict of interest and, without a register of interests, it is really difficult to say, “Well, actually, here it is on the register and this is what we think may be an issue.”
The Convener: One of the points that the petitioner makes is—to paraphrase him—that there are registers of interests for ministers, members of the Scottish Parliament and members of Parliament and, if that is good enough for politicians, why is it not good enough for the judiciary? How do you respond to that?
Moi Ali: I agree with that. In the 21st century, pretty much everyone is expected to register their interests. I would be hard pressed to think of people who are not expected to register their interests in some form or other. If anything, the move is towards even more transparency. In the past, a register of interests would be locked away in a cabinet, whereas today, virtually all organisations publish such registers on the internet and they are easily and widely available.
The public trend is towards more and more openness and accessibility.
Accountability has to go hand in hand with judicial independence. Accountability is really about saying, “These are what our interests are.” Everybody else declares them, so it is difficult to argue that that should not happen for one sector of society.
The Convener: I now invite my colleagues to ask questions, starting with Chic Brodie.
Chic Brodie (South Scotland) (SNP): Good morning. Before I get to the main meat of my questions, I raise the fact that you say that your budget is £2,000
Moi Ali: Yes.
Chic Brodie: And you have had 54 complaints.
Moi Ali: Yes—over two years.
Chic Brodie: Clearly, £2,000 is a problem. Is that a problem in relation to the number of complaints that you get? Might you get more if there was more substance behind you? I am not saying that there is no substance behind your job; I am talking about being able to raise the job’s profile and make people aware of the role much more widely.
Moi Ali: The answer is probably not, because the complaints system is structured such that people have to make a complaint through the Judicial Office for Scotland and, when they get the final letter from the Judicial Office, it refers to me as the reviewer. People who have gone through the complaints system will be aware that I exist. Having a larger budget would make my life easier, but I do not think that it would have any impact on the number of complaints that I receive. That number is what it is.
Chic Brodie: I understand that you cannot discuss specific complaints. However, you have referred to various cases in which complaints have been raised that have suggested bias in the judiciary. To get a feel for the extent of any problem, it might be useful if we could understand the general nature of the complaints that have been made that suggest bias. Can you tell us about that?
Moi Ali: I can. I asked three people who made such complaints to supply me with a paragraph summarising the complaint and a paragraph on their views on whether a register of interests would have helped.
I have used the letters X and Y instead of names. I will quickly run through the complaints for you in anonymised form. I will call the first person who made a complaint Mr A. He says—these are his words, not mine:
“Basically in a nutshell I am saying judges in Scotland are routinely sitting on cases when they ought not to. Regarding my own case, had the two judges Lords X and Y declared their interests in my case, I would have definitely asked them to recuse themselves. By not doing so themselves, they have brought the judiciary into disrepute...A register of interest would have thrown up in my own case that Judges are sitting in judgement of their father’s case and that Prosecutors (Now Judges) are routinely sitting in judgement of their own cases at appeal levels when according to the Dean Of Faculty, natural justice demands a judge cannot judge his own cause”.
Mr A says that “A classic example is the name changes they make to hide their links to other judges”.
He says that Lord X was the father of Lord Y and that Lord A and Lord B are brothers. He then says: “Only recently I have been contacted by a ‘Joe Bloggs’ who tells me that when he took a judicial review against ‘X Organisation’ for refusing to refer his case back to the appeal court, his judicial review was presided over by the brother of the judge that originally rejected his appeal …
Had Mr ‘Bloggs’ been aware of this at the time of his judicial review, he assures me he would have asked Lord X to recuse himself from his judicial review ... he tells me he never thought of looking at any kind of relationship between judges and in any event they had different names so how was he expected to relate them to each other.”
That is one example, concerning family relationships. A second example is the case of Mr C, who has concerns about social relationships between members of the judiciary.
He says: “In my opinion, there is no transparency within the judiciary, making a judicial register of interests essential to enable public confidence to be improved. This would give anyone appearing in a court case the necessary information, if necessary, to request a judge recuse himself from a case where there can be demonstrated a conflict of interest, if the judge has not already taken that action himself. This register of interests should also cover;
1) Attendance at social activities by a judge, which are organised and also attended by a party in a court case over which he [the judge] is presiding. Impartiality is essential to the proper discharge of the judicial office and to improve public confidence.”
He then talks about how special or personal friendships can have an impact.
The third example that I have brought is from an organisation that wrote to me to seek a review. It feels that a member of the judiciary’s membership of another organisation is incompatible with their judicial role.
It says: “A register of interests, in small part, addresses this matter. We are of the opinion that any register of interests, if it has to serve public interest, must incorporate legislation/provisions which allows declared interests of the judiciary to be challenged and remedied where appropriate.
It is crucial that this be independent of the Judicial Office. By this means our two year experience of questioning the personal judgement of one member of the judiciary, resulting in the conclusion that the Judicial Office was possibly protecting ‘its own’, need never be repeated.”
Those are three real-life cases that I have been involved in reviewing.
Chic Brodie: It is fair to say, on the basis of one of the examples that you gave, that most judges move in the same circles. Do you believe that they discuss individual cases?
Moi Ali: I cannot comment on that. I do not know.
Chic Brodie: We are trying to seek transparency and understand why some judges and those who manage—in inverted commas—the judiciary believe that they are above the law in terms of bias. Do you think that having more transparency is a goal in itself or is relevant to whatever decisions the judiciary make?
Moi Ali: Having more transparency can only be a good thing, in any area of life. I know that it has a downside, and I have read the response to the petition that states that the proposals are intrusive and could attract negative media reaction.
However, that goes hand in hand with accountability. Someone who has a senior role in public life must be aware of the impact that their actions might have. Greater transparency enhances the credibility of any group of people, whether they be members of boards, politicians or the judiciary.
What came through strongly from the examples that I read out—the words of people who have made complaints, not my words—is that all those people felt that having more openness and transparency would enhance the judiciary. That is very true. I genuinely do not believe that there is widespread bad practice among judicial officeholders, but public perception is really important.
Sometimes things happen that should not happen and, without openness, it is very difficult to identify that. When such instances are identified, the feeling that I get from people who write to me is that there is a cover-up. It is easy to believe that there is a cover-up when there is no transparency.
By having more transparency, the judiciary would be doing themselves a favour. They would be saying, “Look, there is nothing to hide and if we make mistakes we will admit to that.”
Chic Brodie: Why do you think that the protection of the judiciary, by its members not having to subscribe to a register of interests, was written into the constitution?
Moi Ali: You would have to ask the people who drafted the legislation. I do not know.This is speculation, but it has long been the case in this country that particular groups are harder to challenge. In the past, one such group was the medical profession. I had a look at the website of the General Medical Council—the regulator of doctors. Although I think that it would have resisted this strongly in the past, it now publishes registers of interests, records family relationships of its council members and so on.
At one time, it was difficult for politicians to take on that group. It is perhaps difficult to take on the judiciary, because judicial independence is always mentioned. As I said, that is a cornerstone of democracy, but because there has been no separation of accountability and independence, it is easy for the judiciary to say, “We are independent, so don’t interfere in that.” Unless independence and accountability are separated, legislation will continue to include no requirement for more openness and transparency.
Angus MacDonald (Falkirk East) (SNP): Good morning. In the spirit of the petitioners, I refer members to my entry in the register of interests. You have said that you have had to complete registers of interests for roles in public bodies such as the Scottish Ambulance Service and the Scottish Police Authority. You state that you believe that the completion of such registers is not an onerous task or an onerous process.
Will you give the committee more detail of your experience of completing registers? Will you expand on your view that such a task is not onerous?
Moi Ali: The process is straightforward and is probably similar to the way in which the register of interests operates for MSPs. The secretariat writes to me once a year and I am given a pro-forma to fill in. The pro-formas differ slightly for each organisation, but they generally ask about family relationships, possibly the holding of shares or property, relationships with organisations that might have an impact on decision making and that sort of thing.
The pro-forma takes no more than 10 minutes to fill in. After the pro-forma is completed in year 1, it comes back to us in year 2 and we are asked whether anything has changed. If a substantial change takes place in the interim, a person will notify the relevant board. That is it—it takes 10 minutes in year 1 and perhaps five minutes in subsequent years. It could not be easier to do.
David Torrance (Kirkcaldy) (SNP): The Lord President believes that the existing obligation of judicial independence and impartiality means that there is no need for a register and that, if such a register existed, it could impact on judges’ privacy. It has also been suggested that it would be difficult for judges to list all their registrable interests. Can you comment on that?
Moi Ali: To a degree, a register of interests involves a loss of privacy. However, if someone has a position in public life, as I do, the public have a right to know what gifts and hospitality they have accepted and what companies they have an interest in. That is right, I think, and it goes with the terrain. For many years, those who sit on boards have accepted that the public have a right to that information. I agree with the Lord President that a register is intrusive, but I think that that is the price that we pay in an open and accountable society.
John Wilson (Central Scotland) (SNP): You commented earlier that judges should recuse themselves when it is appropriate to do so. You said earlier that a complainant felt that he should have been told that the appeal judge who was dealing with his case was the son of the original judge. How often do judges recuse themselves?
Do you think that they recuse themselves when it is appropriate?
Moi Ali: It is impossible for me to say. I can comment only on what comes to me from the people who write to me—that is the only evidence that I have. People have written to me to say that they felt that there should have been a recusal but it did not happen. Beyond that, I could not comment, as I do not know.
John Wilson: Do you agree that there should be a full disclosure register? As an elected member of the Parliament, I am required to update my entry in the register of interests regularly to reflect any changes in my interests relating to hospitality or events and in relation to organisations of which I have become a member.
That is done regularly, not annually. Would it assist the transparency and openness of court procedure if judges were required to complete and maintain a register not only of their pecuniary interests but of any other interests that they have?
Moi Ali: Definitely. The issue that comes through in everything that I have looked at is that of perception. The consultation on the register of interests of board members that is currently on the Scottish Government website uses the word “perception” constantly throughout. One key issue is about how the public perceive m atters. I am not suggesting that there is widespread bad practice or nepotism or anything of that nature, but it is really important that justice is not only done but seen to be done.
For example, in the Scottish Government’s consultation on amendments to the code of conduct for members of devolved public bodies, the draft code states: “this ensures transparency of your interests which might influence, or be thought to influence, your actions”.
It continues: “you must consider not only whether you will be influenced but whether anybody else would think that you might be influenced”.
It also states: “You must always remember the public interest points towards transparency”.
It goes on and on in that vein. For me, the issue is that the public need to have confidence in the judicial system. By having transparency, we will build public confidence and people’s perception will alter.
In most of the letters that I receive, what comes through to me strongly is the feeling that people are all in cahoots. I do not suggest that that is the case with the judiciary, but people have the feeling that they do not really understand how the system works. Perhaps a judicial office-holder should have taken a certain action but did not do so.
Someone might complain to the Judicial Office for Scotland but have the feeling that they look after their own. There is a feeling that the whole thing is a big cover-up. I do not believe that that is generally the case but, because there is no transparency, it is easy for people to believe that.
John Wilson: You rightly point to the crux of the matter. We must try to get to a position where people do not feel that there is a close-knit community making judicial decisions in the courts at a very senior level who have relationships or colleagues that they could be seen to be protecting or supporting. Do you have any indication of how many judges have recused themselves from cases that they have been about to try or have tried?
Moi Ali: I am sorry, but I do not know the answer to that.
John Wilson: Right. We might want to ask the Lord President that question.
We received a written submission from a Mr Beck, who refers to judges having to recuse themselves as “a duty enshrined within the Bangalore Principles”.
Are you aware of the Bangalore principles and what they set out as guidance for judges?
Moi Ali: Only in passing—I could not claim to be an expert. The Bangalore principles are about judicial independence and cover, for example, the issue of recusal. It is left to the judicial office holder to take a decision on whether recusal is necessary. That is probably a question for the Lord President.
Anne McTaggart (Glasgow) (Lab): You mentioned in your opening statement that you do not have much power, or that your role lacks teeth. What outcomes have you had from some of the 54 cases that you have investigated?
Moi Ali: The difficulty is that I have a very restricted role. When somebody makes a complaint about a judicial office-holder, it is investigated by the Judicial Office for Scotland according to what it calls a set of rules. My role is simply to sit down with the set of rules and the case and to decide whether the rules were followed. I might not agree with the outcome of the complaint, but I can say only whether or not the
rules were followed. It is difficult for me to answer your question, because my role is simply to say whether or not the rules were followed.
Anne McTaggart: What happens if they were not followed?
Moi Ali: In that case, I could make a referral to the Lord President.
In England and Wales, the ombudsman can say that they do not think that a decision was right and can ask for it to be reinvestigated, or whatever they think should be done. All that I can do is to say to the Lord President, “The rules were not followed—here you are.” I can make no recommendation as to what should happen.
At this stage, I am not clear whether I will always be told what happens as a result of a referral, so I have written to the Lord President to try to clarify that. I have been told the outcome of most of my referrals to him. However, a while back, I referred a case that I understood was to be reinvestigated, but I have not heard anything more about it, so I am trying to clarify the situation. My concern is that I might feel that the rules have not been followed and send a case back but then never know what has happened. I am seeking clarity on that, because the rules do not say what should happen when I refer a case back.
The Convener: You have made a comparison with the ombudsman in England and Wales. I presume that the powers there are a lot stronger and that the budget is much bigger than £2,000.
Will you briefly outline the differences between your role and the role of the ombudsman in England and Wales?
Moi Ali: The roles are very different. In England and Wales, the ombudsman’s role is twofold: he reviews complaints about judicial office-holders in the same way as I do, but he also reviews complaints about judicial appointments, which are a completely separate matter. As an ombudsman, he can ask for an apology or for another investigation to happen. He has the full suite of ombudsman powers.
Although I can look at wider issues to do with maladministration, for example, I feel somewhat as if my hands are tied, because I can make suggestions but I cannot do anything more than that. I can say, for example, that the letters that someone wrote were perceived as unhelpful, unfriendly and off-putting, but I cannot tell that person to change the way that he writes letters to the public. I suppose that I have to be
persuasive in my role, but I have no power to require any change in practice.
The Convener: Is £2,000 your entire budget for administrative back-up? It seems very small.
Moi Ali: I have no administrative support. I work from home and I do my own administration. The £2,000 is for everything except my fees.
Chic Brodie: I am appalled, although that is probably a strong term. In terms of how we close the loop, are you saying that, when you write to the Lord President suggesting a course of action,you get no feedback at all?
Moi Ali: No. I do not suggest a course of action, because I am not allowed to do that. I will say that the rules were not followed and that it is over to him. Until recently, when the Lord President wrote to the person who had complained to me, a copy of the letter would be sent to me so that I knew the outcome. Recently, however, I referred a case back and was told that it would be reinvestigated, but I heard nothing more.
At one of my quarterly meetings, I asked people in the Judicial Office what had happened to the case, but they could not tell me because it was a matter for the Lord President. I have written to the Lord President to ask him what I can expect, because I am unhappy about referring things back and not knowing what happened. Until now, I have found out, but I do not know whether that particular case has been reinvestigated or what the outcome was.
Chic Brodie: Are the outcomes subject to freedom of information provisions?
Moi Ali: No. The work of the Judicial Office is subject to that, but the Lord President’s work is not. The Judicial Office’s work is subject to FOI only if it does not involve a complaints handling aspect.
Jackson Carlaw (West Scotland) (Con): The petitioner has submitted further evidence that is rather interesting, because it points out that the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service operates a register of hospitality and interests. Therefore, other sections in the judicial system do that without, it seems, any of the adverse impacts that the Lord President has mentioned to us.The focus of the committee’s attention has been the Lord President’s Edwardian-establishment disdain for the right of the hoi polloi—as I think he sees it—to have any understanding of such matters.
You have perhaps put it more politely, but it seems to me that you are not a million miles away from characterising the approach as being that the swish of judicial ermine and velvet should cow into deference the public and the legislature in relation to our right to understand the issues. I might have put it a bit more colourfully than you would, but do you agree? It appears that the Lord President is against the change because it has not been so to date.
Moi Ali: I cannot speak for the Lord President. I would like to be as colourful as you, but I do not feel that I can be at the moment. In any institution in any sector of society, change is not always welcomed, particularly change that is seen to be challenging. Most institutions resist that, and it would be fair to say that it is seen as a threat. However, I prefer to see it as an opportunity.
John Wilson: Earlier, you gave an indication of how you handle complaints. One example that you gave concerned a situation in which someone who sat on the bench was a relative of the person who had tried the case, or something like that. When a complaint of that nature comes to you, how do you verify the information that is provided to you? If there is an allegation of what you describe as nepotism, how do you get the information that enables you to process the complaint and pass it on to the Lord President?
Moi Ali: I do not need to verify it, because my role is only to consider whether the complaints rules were followed. I do not investigate or handle complaints; my role is simply to say whether, when that complaint was made to the Judicial Office, the rules were followed. It is almost a sort of tick-box exercise. I do not look at the complaint itself or decide whether it is genuine or backed up by facts;
I simply look at whether the Judicial Office did what it should have done when the complaint went to it.
John Wilson: At present, it seems that you are at the mercy of the Lord President with regard to whether the Lord President deems it necessary to respond to you and to the complaint.
Moi Ali: Yes. I have no authority to suggest a course of action if I find that the rules have not been followed. I can only say that the rules were not followed and pass my report back to the Lord President. At that point, the Lord President has a few options, which are to do nothing, to reinvestigate or a variation of those two options. Basically, however, it is up to the Lord President to decide what to do with my report.
John Wilson: As you say, the Lord President has the right to do nothing. If that happens, how do you respond to the complainant in relation to the way in which they have been dealt with by the courts?
Moi Ali: Unfortunately, my role ends when I write my report. I write my report and send a copy to the person who asked for the review and, if the rules have been breached, a copy to the Lord President. I have to explain to the person who complained to me that that is the end of my role and that whatever decision is taken thereafter is for the Lord President.
Inevitably, I get follow-up correspondence from people saying that they do not understand why the Lord President decided to do whatever he did or asking for clarification of something that they do not understand.
There is often some follow-up correspondence in which I try to help someone to understand how the system
works. However, my role stops at the point at which I send out my reports. There is no challenge to that. That is the end of the process. There is nowhere else to go, except judicial review, which would seem slightly absurd.
John Wilson: So you do not have any powers to hold a Lord President to account for the recommendations, actions or lack of actions that they decide to take.
Moi Ali: No.
The Convener: We have talked a little about unintended consequences, and it was said earlier that the Lord President has argued that a register could impact on the judiciary’s privacy. There are other aspects to that. It could also lead to harassment from the media or hostile individuals. What is your view on the Lord President’s comments?
Moi Ali: I can speak only about my view as someone who has completed a number of registers of interest. My experience has been that there has been no kind of adverse media comment. I have not been hounded by the press. There has been no issue.
At the moment, the press—how shall I put it?—has it in for the judiciary. The reason for that is that there is a great lack of transparency. I think that, because there is no transparency, the media feel that there is something to hide and that they need to investigate matters and find out more.
I believe that that would end if there were transparency. Basically, we would get the complete opposite from what the Lord President fears, because everything would be laid out for people to see.
The Convener: John Wilson has indicated that he wishes to make a final comment.
John Wilson: Thank you for allowing me back in again, convener.
The Lord President cites the section in the Scotland Act 1998 that says that judges or the judiciary are not accountable to this Parliament.
Do you think that his interpretation is correct?
I think that the Parliament should not be able to hold the judiciary to account for decisions on judicial matters or court cases, but do you agree that the 1998 act should be looked at to allow the Parliament and the public to hold judges accountable with regard to their register of interests and matters in which they might be involved?
Jackson Carlaw: I am sorry, convener, but are we not straying some distance beyond the petition, which is about a register of interests?
John Wilson: I do not think so. As I understand it, the Lord President’s response to us is that he does not agree that there should be a register of interests because judges are protected under the Scotland Act 1998. My question relates to the current provision in that act, because the Lord President has cited it as the reason for not giving evidence to the committee or for introducing a register of interests.
The Convener: To clarify the issue that Jackson Carlaw raised—and because Mr Carlaw might not be fully aware of our previous discussions—I should explain the background to this.
As John Wilson has suggested, we asked the Lord President to appear before us, but a provision in the Scotland Act 1998 stipulates that the judiciary cannot be required to appear before the committee. You might have noticed that the Lord President is giving evidence to another committee next door but, if he voluntarily wishes to go before a committee, that is entirely up to him. We have made arrangements for the deputy convener Chic Brodie and myself to meet the Lord President in a few weeks.
I am conscious of time, so it would be helpful if the witness could be fairly brief.
Moi Ali: Of course, convener.
That goes back to my earlier point about judicial independence. I think that everyone will agree that politicians should have no part in influencing judicial decisions. However, judicial accountability is a completely separate issue. One should be accountable for one’s actions. I am independent of Government as well as of the judiciary, but I have come before the committee because I believe that I am accountable to the public through Parliament.
You have no right to influence my decision making, but you have every right to expect me to appear here and give evidence. I think that the same applies to the judiciary.
The issue that cuts through all of this is the need to separate judicial decision making, which must remain independent, from judicial accountability.
The Convener: Before the committee discusses and comes to a decision on its next steps, I thank Moi Ali for attending the meeting. I know that it is not always easy to appear before a committee, but I am sure that I speak for other committee members when I say that I found your evidence enlightening and helpful.
Members will have their own views on the different actions that we should consider with regard to the petition, but I still think that it would be useful to seek the views of Dr Kennedy Graham, the New Zealand MP who has a strong track record on the wider issues. What are members’ views on the next steps that we should take?
Jackson Carlaw: Given that, as the petitioner has pointed out, the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service has a register of interests and given that issues to do with harassment, privacy and undue harm to the justice system appear not to have materialised, it would be useful to get confirmation of whether that is the operational outcome. After all, the matter goes to the heart of the Lord President’s assertions.
The Convener: Would it be useful to write to the head of each of those services?
Jackson Carlaw: Yes, in the first instance, because the point directly contradicts in a relevant way the concerns that have been advanced in opposition to the petition.
The Convener: Do members agree to that course of action?
Angus MacDonald: I certainly do, but we should also bear in mind the issue raised this morning of the JCR’s referrals to the Lord President.
We should seek clarification on the procedure following such referrals and whether they are all followed up. After all, we have heard of one particular case that has not yet been followed up. I wonder whether that issue could be raised with the Lord President when you meet him in a few weeks, convener.
The Convener: If the committee agrees, I am sure that Chic Brodie and I will be happy to raise the matter.
Jackson Carlaw: I am happy with that suggestion, although I feel that the issue—which emerged this morning and which I agree is important—definitely strays beyond the petition’s terms. Nevertheless, it is of material interest and could, following your discussions, be referred to the Justice Committee as a matter that it might wish to consider if it has not already done so. Of course, we cannot know that at the moment.
The Convener: That is a fair point. If the committee agrees, we will raise the issue with the Lord President and, when we consider the petition again, discuss whether we need to refer other matters to the Justice Committee. Is that acceptable?
Chic Brodie: I would love to understand the rationale behind the provision highlighted by John Wilson in the Scotland Act 1998 that the judiciary does not need to declare any interests. I suspect that we would not be able to get that information, but it would be interesting to find out how the decision was made, who made it and where and when it was made.
The Convener: As the clerk has made clear, we can ask the Scottish Parliament information centre to research the Westminster debates on the 1998 act. I was there at the time, but I am not sure whether I spoke on the matter. We will feed that information back to the committee as a point of historical interest that feeds into our wider argument. Are members happy with those suggestions?
John Wilson: Jackson Carlaw is right that some of the issues that we have discussed go beyond the petition’s call for a register of interests, but I suggest that it would be useful to keep the Scottish Government fully apprised of the evidence that we have received on this issue, the discussions that we have had and the issues that have arisen as a result of our consideration of the petition. We should also ask whether the Scottish Government might be minded to review the JCR’s role in respect of the issues that have been highlighted this morning.
After all, we have to build confidence in Scotland’s judicial system. We have, for example, the Scottish Public Services Ombudsman, who can take a formal position on certain matters and make recommendations with regard to public bodies, but the Judicial Complaints Reviewer simply does not have the resources to review decisions that are made in Scottish courts in a way that commands the general public’s confidence.
The Convener: If the committee agrees, we could put those points in writing to Kenny MacAskill and get feedback that we can discuss at a future meeting. Are members agreed? Members indicated agreement.
The Convener: The committee has agreed that we will write to Dr Kennedy Graham, an MP at the New Zealand Parliament; follow up some of Jackson Carlaw’s points; write to Kenny MacAskill; and ask SPICe to carry out some Hansard research.
I again thank Moi Ali for her excellent evidence, which has really opened my eyes to some of the practical issues. I suspend the meeting for a minute to allow for a witness changeover.
Scottish Parliament hears support for register of judges’ interestsMOI ALI, Scotland’s Judicial Complaints Reviewer (JCR) told MSPs at the Scottish Parliament earlier this week she supports a Register of Judicial Interests as called for in Petition PE1458: Register of Interests for members of Scotland's judiciary. Detailed evidence provided by Moi Ali in response to questions from members of Holyrood’s Petitions Committee came as a stark contrast to the ‘vested interest’ protests of the now twice Committee no-show Lord President Lord Brian Gill, who has declared his opposition against proposals to require judges to declare their interests.
Several times during the Parliamentary hearing, the independent reviewer of judicial complaints took issue with the lack of transparency surrounding the judiciary, also drawing attention to the fact most others in public life must comply with Registers of Interest. Ms Ali also gave examples of critical cases & issues brought to her attention alleging a complete lack of judicial impartiality and failures of judges to recuse themselves when interests clearly conflicted with cases before them.
Speaking to members of the Scottish Parliament’s Petitions Committee on Tuesday, Moi Ali also challenged the Lord President’s insistence that the judicial oath to assess whether a judge should recuse themselves on a case should be enough to instil confidence in the legal process."It clearly isn't," she said in response to questions from MSPs.
Moi Ali went onto say "We are not talking large numbers but issues have been raised about undeclared family relationships and memberships of a variety of organisations."
Ms Ali continued : “It is difficult to argue that politicians and other public figures should have registers of interests but the judiciary should not.”
Moi Ali told the Committee : “One complainant said his appeal was heard by the son of the judge who presided over the trial, while it is suggested that judges "change their names to hide their family links to other judges".
In response to further questions, Ms Ali revealed the Lord President and the judicial office have not kept her informed on cases she has asked questions on.
On the subject of a lack of judicial cooperation with the role of the Judicial Complaints Reviewer, previously reported by Diary of Injustice and the Sunday Mail newspaper HERE , Ms Ali said: "My concern is I might feel that the rules haven't been followed, send it back to the Lord President and then never know what happens. I feel somewhat as if my hands are tied because I can make suggestions but I can't do anything more than that.
Ms Ali continued : "Recently there was a case I referred back which, I was told, would be reinvestigated but I didn't hear anything more. I asked the judicial office what had happened and they said they couldn't tell me because it was a matter for the Lord President.
"I've written to the Lord President asking what I can expect, because I am unhappy about referring things back and not knowing what happened."
Moi Ali also revealed to MSPs that the Lord President is exempt from Freedom of Information legislation.
In further points put to the JCR, Jackson Carlaw MSP said: "From this committee's perspective, I think that what has been the focus of our attention here has been the Lord President's Edwardian establishment disdain for the hoi polloi, as I think the petitioner sees it, in terms of us having any right to understand these matters.
Mr Carlaw continued : "I wonder if you would put it more politely, but it does seem to me that you're not a million miles away from characterising it this way. Is it still the case that the swish of judicial ermine and velvet should cow into deference both the public and the legislature in terms of our right to understanding these issues?
"In this day and age, the reason that the Lord President appears to be against it is that it has not been so to date."
Ms Ali responded: "I'd like to be as colourful as you are but I feel I can't at the moment. In any institution, in any sector, change is not always welcome, particularly change that is seen to be quite challenging. Most institutions resist that as it is seen as something of a threat, when actually I prefer to see it as an opportunity.
"More transparency in any area of life can only be a good thing. I know that there can be a downside, and I have read the judiciary's response to the petition which is that it is 'intrusive and could attract negative media reaction', but that goes hand in hand with accountability."
Commenting on a recent submission to the Petitions Committee made by the petitioner, Mr Carlaw backed calls to involve the Crown Office & Procurator Fiscal Service and Scottish Court Service who both operate Registers of Interests & Hospitality for their staff.
Mr Carlaw said : “The petitioner in raising the issue of the crown office and procurator fiscal service having a register of interests and specifically dealing with the issues of harassment privacy and undue harm to the justice system which appear not to have materialised it would it useful to get some sort of confirmation of that as the operational outcome as it does go to the heart of the Lord President’s assertions … as it directly contradicts in a relevant way the concerns advanced in opposition to the petition.”
Commenting on the Lord President's refusals to attend the Petitions Committee to discuss the Register of Interests petition, Committee Convener David Stewart MSP commented : "We did ask the Lord President to appear before us and the Scotland Act has a provision which states that the judiciary cannot be required to appear before the committee.”
Mr Stewart continued : "The Lord President is next door at another committee. If the Lord President wishes to go voluntarily that is entirely up to him. However, we have made arrangements for myself and the deputy convener to meet the Lord President in a few weeks' time."
On concluding the evidence session, the Committee agreed to write to Dr Kennedy Graham MP, New Zealand Parliament, the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service, the Scottish Court Service and the Scottish Government. The Committee also agreed to consider the debate that took place during the passage of the Scotland Act 1998 on section 23.
The full transcript of the meeting which includes many important points raised by members of the Public Petitions Committee will be published on Diary of Injustice next week.
Previous articles on the lack of transparency within Scotland’s judiciary, investigations of the judiciary by Diary of Injustice including reports from the Sunday Mail newspaper, and video footage of debates at the Scottish Parliament’s Public Petitions Committee can be found here : A Register of Interests for Scotland's Judiciary
Top judge cannot be immune from complaints says Judicial Complaints Reviewer Moi Ali SCOTLAND’SJudicial Complaints Reviewer Moi Ali has called for a change in the law after it emerged the office of Scotland’s top judge, the Lord President of the Court of Session, currently occupied by Lord President Lord Brian Gill has an immunity from the same kind of scrutiny & complaints procedures which apply to all other public servants and even subordinate judicial colleagues of the Lord President.
In a letter released by the Scottish Government, Judicial Complaints Reviewer Moi Ali told Justice Secretary Kenny MacAskill that complaints made to her office about the Lord President could not be investigated or dealt with under the current system, as there are no rules or guidance relating to complaints against Scotland’s top judge.
The omission of any form of scrutiny of the Lord President, discovered by the JCR during the course of her work, and the lack of any powers assigned the JCR to review cases involving complaints against Scotland’s top judge has leaving complainers feeling “outraged that they had no redress, felt disempowered and denied justice.”
Under the current system of what can only be described as less-than-impartial judicial oversight, court users and members of the public who wish to make a complaint against a judge or sheriff can contact the Judicial Office for Scotland (JOFS), which itself is headed by the Lord President. The complaint is then considered by colleagues of the judge being complained against, and the Lord President himself ultimately decides whether any sanction is appropriate.
If complainants remain dissatisfied, they can ask the Judicial Complaints Reviewer to conduct a review of how their complaint against a judge was handled and then the JCR can launch an investigation.
However, given the fact now revealed by the JCR there are no rules or guidance relating to complaints against the Lord President, this imbalance in scrutiny has effectively created a two tier system of regulation where the country’s top judge is immune from scrutiny while all other members of the judiciary can be subject to complaints and an independent review by the JCR of how such complaints were handled.
In the letter to Mr MacAskill, the JCR reinforced this point stating those who had approached her with regards to complaints about the Lord President felt : “Their view was that the head of the judiciary should be subject to the same rules as those beneath him, and that the public should not be denied access to the complaints process just because their judge happened to be the most senior one.”
JCR Moi Ali added : “I have considerable sympathy for this position, and believe that a fair, independent and proportionate procedure for investigating complaints about the Lord President would enhance public trust and confidence in the judiciary among the public, and would be in the interests of natural justice.”
The JCR said she had raised the matter with Lord Gill and had taken legal advice from senior counsel, which revealed there were no procedures or rules for making a complaint against the current Lord President Lord Brian Gill, other than his "fitness for office".
As an interim measure, Moi Ali has written to the Lord President asking if it could be made clear that conduct complaints cannot be made about him. She also requested clarification of the process for making a "fitness for office" complaint about the judge.
However, she told MacAskill: "The above are interim measures only that do not address the fundamental issue - that there is no provision for the public to make complaints about the Lord President's conduct, including when he is sitting as a judge. I would be grateful if you could give this matter consideration."
Unsurprisingly, the current way judges self regulate themselves and their colleagues is comparable to the way in which lawyers regulate themselves via the Law Society of Scotland and then sanctions if any are applied by the lawyer dominated Scottish Solicitors Discipline Tribunal (SSDT).
However it should be noted the SSDT has managed to strike off a few solicitors, if only due to media pressure whereas no judge has yet been heavily sanctioned or dismissed by the Lord President, even when criminal prosecutions have occurred for drunk driving and even benefits cheating.
Previous articles on the lack of transparency within Scotland’s judiciary, investigations by Diary of Injustice including reports from the Sunday Mail newspaper, and video footage of debates at the Scottish Parliament’s Public Petitions Committee can be found here : A Register of Interests for Scotland's Judiciary
Complaints about the Lord President – JCR seeks change in law (Click image to view letter) The full text of the letter from the Judicial Complaints Reviewer Moi Ali to Justice Secretary Kenny MacAskill :
Dear Cabinet Secretary,
COMPLAINTS ABOUT THE LORD PRESIDENT
I am writing to you about the procedure for members of the public who wish to make complaints about the Lord President.
How the concern arose
This issue was prompted by correspondence I received from three individuals regarding this matter. One wrote to me to inform me that the Rules (Complaints about the Judiciary (Scotland) Rules 2011) appear not to allow complaints about the Lord President. While I was looking into the matter, two unconnected individuals wrote to me with complaints about the conduct of Lord Gill when sitting in the Court of Session as a judge (they were not aware that Lord Gill was the Lord President, nor that complaints about the Lord President could not be made under the Rules).
Normally I would refer any complaints to the Judicial Office (as I do not handle complaints; I merely review their handling). However, on this occasion there seemed little point in referring complaints that I knew could not be considered under the Rules. I wrote explaining the situation to the two individuals. They were outraged that they had no redress, felt disempowered and denied justice. Their view was that the head of the judiciary should be subject to the same rules as those beneath him, and that the public should not be denied access to the complaints process just because their judge happened to be the most senior one. I have considerable sympathy for this position, and believe that a fair, independent and proportionate procedure for investigating complaints about the Lord President would enhance public trust and confidence in the judiciary among the public, and would be in the interests of natural justice.
I have discussed this matter with the Judicial Office and officials at Scottish Government. I have also taken senior Counsel's advice (which I have shared with your officials) and I have written to the Lord President about the matter.
The current situation
I have given your officials a copy of my legal advice. In summary, while the Act (Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008), at Section 35, allows for consideration of matters concerning fitness for office of the Lord President, there appears to be no procedure for members of the public to make complaints about matters that are not of a removal-from-office magnitude. Indeed, it is also not clear what the existing process is for the public to raise complaints that are of that magnitude. Nor is it clear from any published guidance that complaints about the Lord President cannot be made under the Rules.
I had wondered if the Rules might be amended to allow for conduct complaints about the Lord President to be considered, but Section 29 of the Act on the imposition of sanctions means that even if the Rules were amended to allow for the independent investigation of complaints about the Lord President (as happens in Northern Ireland), only the Lord President may impose sanctions (in this case, on himself).
Action taken
As an interim measure I have written to the Lord President asking if he would consider revising the published guidance, complaints leaflet and website so that it explains to the public that complaints about the Lord President cannot be accepted under the Rules, and explains why this is so.
I have written both to the Lord President and to your officials at Scottish Government asking that they consider producing published guidance for the public which clarifies what the procedure is for referral by the Judicial Office to the First Minister of fitness for office complaints about the Lord President.
The above are interim measures only that do not address the fundamental issue: that there is no provision for the public to make complaints about the Lord President’s conduct, including when he is sitting as a judge. I would be grateful if you could give this matter consideration.
Annual report 2012/13
Finally, I am nearing the end of my second year in office and I would like to produce an annual report. There has been much activity this year that I would like to report on, much of it positive, including more complaints reviewed and an MoU signed with the Judicial Office. You may recall that I may publish a report only if directed to do so by Scottish Ministers. I would be grateful if you would consider providing such direction, perhaps even a more open ended direction that I must publish such a report every year. This will save me (and my successors) from having to approach you about this annually. It also ensures that the Judicial Complaints Reviewer remains accountable to Ministers, to the judiciary, and to the public.
Yours sincerely,
Moi Ali
Judicial Complaints Reviewer
In response to media enquiries on the matter, a spokesperson for the Scottish Government said "The Lord President's office is highly respected and is in a unique position as the head of the Scottish judiciary, whose independence is enshrined in law through the Judiciary and Courts (Scotland) Act 2008. Because it is the head role, the Act takes a different approach to oversight in the Lord President's case - and would require the constitution of a tribunal. This recognises that a balance has to be struck in terms of how oversight of the Lord President's role should ultimately be achieved in a way which fiercely protects its independence."
TRANSPARENCY NOT : JUDICIAL COMPLAINTS REVIEWER’S TOUGH TIME WITH JUDGES
The Sunday Mail newspaper revealed how Judges have treated the Judicial Complaints Reviewer's requests for files on complaints against the judiciary :
JUDICIAL INVESTIGATOR LEFT IN THE DARK
May the watchdog appointed by the Scottish Government to investigate complaints against judges have leave to approach the bench, Your Honours? NO.. SHE MAY NOT
SILENCE IN COURT Lord Gill has not met judicial investigator so far.
EXCLUSIVE, By Russell Findlay, Sunday Mail 10 Feb 2013
A watchdog appointed to look into complaints against Scotland's judges fears she is being frozen out.
Moi Ali has accused the country's most senior judge, Lord President Lord Gill, of undermining her work by blocking access to vital documents.
She revealed her frustration in her first annual report since taking up the newly-created role of Judicial Complaints Reviewer.
Ali said she was only seeing the correspondence between the Judicial Office, who act for the judges, and the complainers.
But she was not allowed to see the internal memos and reports between the office and the judges about complaints.
She said: "I believe that in order to conduct a review, and to make wider recommendations on complaints handling, I need to see files in their entirety. "Without this, it is difficult to satisfy myself, let alone complainers, as to the fairness of the process. "I have continued to complete reviews but have made it clear to complainers that I have not had access to all documentation in their complaint file."
Justice Secretary Kenny MacAskill defied judicial opposition to create the part-time job to monitor how complaints against judges, sheriffs and justices of the peace are handled.
And Ali fears there is still resistance from within the judiciary to her role as an independent investigator.
She said: "With any profession, there's a feeling that regulation should come from within. "But this is the first time that the judiciary have been exposed to this kind of scrutiny, which other professional groups are more used to. "Most have accepted there is some kind of mechanism to scrutinise their conduct. That doesn't mean that we don't have a free and independent judiciary."
Ali also revealed that she has still not met 70-year-old Lord Gill, who was appointed to his £214,165-a-year post last June, and did not meet his predecessor Lord Hamilton.
She said: "I'm not overly concerned but I'm slightly surprised that the Lord President did not proactively suggest a meeting. I don't need to meet him but I think it would have sent out a positive message."
Ali is more concerned at the decision to block her access to documents.
She said: "This came to light because in review number one I was sent all the documents but then I didn't get the same ones for the second review. "At that point I discovered that I had been given them in error the first time. "I can't see any reason why and that worries me because I can't understand it."
Ali also voiced concerns that judges being investigated could evade punishment by quitting before the probe is complete. And she found there has been a breach in the rules in the way one of the four complaints she reviewed had been handled. Ali also urged the judiciary staff to use plain English when dealing with the public.
Her lack of administrative support was also highlighted - on her first day, she did not have a computer, printer, phone, email address or stationery - and she said it meant she was "unable to give the level of service that I would like to provide".
A Judicial Office for Scotland spokeswoman said: "In the short time the JCR has been in the post, we have worked very closely with Ms Ali in implementing, developing and reviewing the rules and how they are applied.
"With any new system, there is always a period of adaptation and adjustment and we are grateful to Ms Ali for the helpful suggestions and recommendations she has put forward and which, for the most part, have been implemented.
"A review of the rules is due to take place shortly and the Lord President is committed to working constructively to ensure the complaints procedure develops effectively."
More powers needed to scrutinise judges, says independent judicial reviewer Moi Ali. FOLLOWING evidence heard by MSPs at the Scottish Parliament last week of multiple failures of Scottish judges to recuse themselves from cases or declare their interests, the Scottish Government has now been urged to give more powers to Moi Ali, Scotland’s independent Judicial Complaints Reviewer (JCR) in an effort to bring Scotland into line with the rest of the UK where legislation requires a much higher level of judicial scrutiny regarding complaints made against judges.
WHAT’S THE POINT OF A WATCHDOG WITHOUT TEETH?
